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What is 에볼루션 게이밍 ? Free evolution is the idea that natural processes can lead to the development of organisms over time. This includes the appearance and development of new species. This has been demonstrated by many examples of stickleback fish species that can live in saltwater or fresh water and walking stick insect varieties that prefer particular host plants. These reversible traits cannot explain fundamental changes to the basic body plan. Evolution through Natural Selection The development of the myriad living organisms on Earth is a mystery that has intrigued scientists for centuries. Charles Darwin's natural selection is the most well-known explanation. This process occurs when those who are better adapted have more success in reproduction and survival than those who are less well-adapted. Over time, a community of well-adapted individuals increases and eventually forms a whole new species. Natural selection is a process that is cyclical and involves the interaction of 3 factors: variation, reproduction and inheritance. Sexual reproduction and mutation increase the genetic diversity of the species. Inheritance refers the transmission of a person's genetic characteristics, which includes both dominant and recessive genes, to their offspring. Reproduction is the process of generating fertile, viable offspring. This can be accomplished through sexual or asexual methods. All of these factors must be in harmony for natural selection to occur. If, for instance the dominant gene allele makes an organism reproduce and live longer than the recessive gene The dominant allele is more common in a population. However, if the allele confers a disadvantage in survival or reduces fertility, it will disappear from the population. The process is self-reinforced, meaning that an organism with a beneficial characteristic can reproduce and survive longer than an individual with an inadaptive characteristic. The greater an organism's fitness, measured by its ability reproduce and survive, is the greater number of offspring it will produce. Individuals with favorable characteristics, like a longer neck in giraffes, or bright white color patterns in male peacocks are more likely to survive and produce offspring, which means they will eventually make up the majority of the population over time. Natural selection only affects populations, not on individuals. This is an important distinction from the Lamarckian theory of evolution, which argues that animals acquire traits through use or disuse. If a giraffe extends its neck to catch prey and the neck grows longer, then the children will inherit this characteristic. The differences in neck size between generations will continue to grow until the giraffe is no longer able to reproduce with other giraffes. 에볼루션 무료체험 by Genetic Drift Genetic drift occurs when the alleles of the same gene are randomly distributed within a population. Eventually, 에볼루션 게이밍 of them will reach fixation (become so common that it cannot be eliminated through natural selection) and other alleles fall to lower frequencies. In extreme cases, this leads to dominance of a single allele. The other alleles are eliminated, and heterozygosity is reduced to zero. In a small group it could result in the complete elimination of recessive gene. This scenario is called the bottleneck effect. It is typical of an evolutionary process that occurs when the number of individuals migrate to form a group. A phenotypic bottleneck may also occur when survivors of a disaster like an outbreak or a mass hunting event are concentrated in the same area. The surviving individuals will be largely homozygous for the dominant allele which means that they will all have the same phenotype, and consequently have the same fitness characteristics. This situation could be caused by war, earthquakes or even plagues. Whatever the reason the genetically distinct group that remains is susceptible to genetic drift. Walsh, Lewens, and Ariew use Lewens, Walsh, and Ariew use a “purely outcome-oriented” definition of drift as any departure from the expected values of variations in fitness. They provide the famous case of twins who are both genetically identical and have exactly the same phenotype. However, one is struck by lightning and dies, whereas the other is able to reproduce. This kind of drift could be vital to the evolution of a species. However, it is not the only way to develop. The main alternative is a process called natural selection, where the phenotypic variation of the population is maintained through mutation and migration. Stephens asserts that there is a huge difference between treating the phenomenon of drift as an agent or cause and considering other causes, such as migration and selection as causes and forces. He claims that a causal process account of drift allows us to distinguish it from the other forces, and that this distinction is crucial. He further argues that drift is a directional force: that is it tends to reduce heterozygosity, and that it also has a specific magnitude that is determined by population size. Evolution by Lamarckism Biology students in high school are often exposed to Jean-Baptiste lamarck's (1744-1829) work. His theory of evolution, also called “Lamarckism is based on the idea that simple organisms evolve into more complex organisms through adopting traits that result from an organism's use and disuse. Lamarckism is illustrated through a giraffe extending its neck to reach higher branches in the trees. This could result in giraffes passing on their longer necks to their offspring, which then get taller. Lamarck was a French Zoologist. In his opening lecture for his course on invertebrate zoology held at the Museum of Natural History in Paris on the 17th May 1802, he presented a groundbreaking concept that radically challenged previous thinking about organic transformation. According Lamarck, living organisms evolved from inanimate materials through a series gradual steps. Lamarck was not the only one to suggest that this could be the case but his reputation is widely regarded as being the one who gave the subject its first general and thorough treatment. The most popular story is that Lamarckism grew into a rival to Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection and both theories battled each other in the 19th century. Darwinism eventually triumphed, leading to the development of what biologists today call the Modern Synthesis. The Modern Synthesis theory denies that acquired characteristics can be acquired through inheritance and instead suggests that organisms evolve through the selective action of environmental factors, such as natural selection. Although Lamarck believed in the concept of inheritance through acquired characters and his contemporaries also spoke of this idea, it was never a major feature in any of their evolutionary theorizing. This is due to the fact that it was never scientifically validated. It's been more than 200 years since the birth of Lamarck and in the field of age genomics, there is an increasing evidence-based body of evidence to support the heritability of acquired traits. This is also known as “neo Lamarckism”, or more generally epigenetic inheritance. This is a variant that is as valid as the popular neodarwinian model. Evolution through Adaptation One of the most popular misconceptions about evolution is being driven by a struggle to survive. This view is inaccurate and overlooks the other forces that determine the rate of evolution. The fight for survival can be more accurately described as a struggle to survive in a specific environment, which could involve not only other organisms but as well the physical environment. To understand how evolution operates it is beneficial to think about what adaptation is. The term “adaptation” refers to any characteristic that allows a living thing to live in its environment and reproduce. It can be a physical structure, like feathers or fur. Or it can be a trait of behavior such as moving into the shade during hot weather or coming out to avoid the cold at night. The survival of an organism is dependent on its ability to obtain energy from the environment and to interact with other living organisms and their physical surroundings. The organism must possess the right genes for producing offspring and be able find sufficient food and resources. Furthermore, the organism needs to be capable of reproducing itself at a high rate within its environment. These factors, in conjunction with gene flow and mutations can cause an alteration in the ratio of different alleles within the gene pool of a population. Over time, this change in allele frequency can result in the development of new traits and ultimately new species. Many of the characteristics we admire in animals and plants are adaptations, like lung or gills for removing oxygen from the air, fur or feathers to protect themselves and long legs for running away from predators, and camouflage for hiding. However, a proper understanding of adaptation requires paying attention to the distinction between the physiological and behavioral characteristics. Physical characteristics like thick fur and gills are physical traits. Behavioral adaptations are not an exception, for instance, the tendency of animals to seek companionship or move into the shade in hot temperatures. Additionally it is important to note that lack of planning does not make something an adaptation. Inability to think about the consequences of a decision, even if it appears to be rational, may cause it to be unadaptive.